Cognitive Development During Early Childhood Development

Cognitive Development Children of involved fathers are also more likely to live in cognitively encouraging homes. Cognitive Development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology, focusing on a children’s development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development and cognitive psychology compared to an adult’s point of view(Schacter, Daniel L, 2009). Even a child’s cognitive development during early childhood, which includes building skills such as pre-reading, language, vocabulary, and numeracy. So cognitive development is important to grow those skills (Rohner, R. P., Veneziano, R. A., 2001). This development is a strong connection between the development children undergoes early in their life and the success that the children will experience later in life. Infants of highly involved fathers, as measured by amount of integration, including higher levels of play and Caregiving activities. By one year they continue to have higher cognitive functioning are better problem solvers as toddlers and have higher IQ’s by age three (Yogman Kidlan, Earls, 1995). The father is more encouraged toddlers to talk more, use more diverse vocabulary, and produce longer utterances when interacting with their fathers, because toddlers are characterized by more wh-(e.g. â€Å"what†, â€Å"where† etc.) questions for father than mother (Rowe, Cocker Pan ,2004). A father’s academic support was positivelyShow MoreRelatedChildhood Development Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood begins a new era of development, one that is filled with exploration and a new understanding of the world. Children are finally beginning to understand aspects of their environment that they were unable to comprehend during infancy. While development during childhood occurs less rapidly than that which is experienced during infancy, there are still many major changes that children go t hrough during this time. 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Ergon, Eudaimonia, Psyche in Artistotle´s De Amina

A pinecone planted upon the plain or mountainside becomes a great forest providing wildlife with food and shelter; from that forest emerges great trees, trees which become lumber and the lumber in the hands of a carpenter that came from a seed to builds homes and vessels for the greater well-being for the world in which he dwells. A carpenter would not forget to build the roof on a house or fail to allow for a doorway to enter the house as each has its own unique function and is necessary for the completion of a house as it is for a family to make the same structure a home. The function of a house is to become a home to a family, as it is the function of the family to contribute to the community and the community to benefit the city and the city to prosper the county and so forth; each in turn having a function to serve and benefit from the lesser to the greater and the greater to the lesser. Aristotle contends in the De Anima that the soul dwells in all living things and therefore a ll living things can know of fear, passions, virtues, and happiness that is found in the Nicomachean Ethics. Should the soul be conformable in the body or shape in which the soul (psyche) dwells and happiness (eudaimonia) issues from that form then all things according to Aristotle have a function (ergon); a function that is necessary for the survival of the species and therefore as the hand is necessary to feed the body; the hand also must procure the food in order to administer to needs of the

Integrative Counselling and Counseling Judy for Childrens

Question: Discuss about theCounseling Judy for Integrative Counselling for Children. Answer: Introduction The integrative approach, Sequentially Planned Integrative Counselling for Children (SPICC Model) outlines a way to working with children and adolescents who are suffering from emotional, cognitive and behavioural disturbances. Judys feeling of sadness and general social disinterest can well be solved using this approach. This model integrates a range of theoretical concepts and approaches to reach desired outcomes in the client/counselling environment (Geldard, Geldard, and Yin Foo, 2013). SPICC is a well-structured kind of integration and the theory is used in a sequence that provides a plan when working. The sequential plan is used deliberately so that the theory can be applied appropriately. Therapeutic change requires the client to go for several or a single SPICC cycle depending on how many issues the child has and need to be solved with a clear start, middle and end of the cycle. The main goal of taking the child through these cycles is to help them acquire adaptive functioning skills e.g. in their relationship with others, at school or with their parents. Processes in the spiral are part of the counselling procedure, that is, as the kid tells their story deeply, there is the occurrence of experiential piece that has strong transference. Emotions and a lot of resistance are also involved as the kid tells their part of experience. As the child continues to explore how they view themselves and confronting their beliefs that are self-destructive, there is occurrence of a cognitive shift. The child finally starts to implement the newly acquired skills of behaviour in their real life. According to Geldard, Geldard, and Yin Foo (2013), the child has got a whole tool box of new experiences that brings to completion the therapy cycle or opens up another cycle. Timely switch or transition between the phases of SPICC is important in therapeutic change in order for the therapy to be effective. Geldard et al (2013) argues that a counsellor can use the collaborative style that entails both directive and client-led interventions. The style is inspired by luminaries who include client led self-discovery and client led counsellor interpreted. This is however done without a bias towards any particular one in the name of pluralism. It is crucial to develop an individuals style. There are several interventions that are important to have an effective therapeutic process. They include the use of an appropriate media, creating a trusting relationship, using appropriate skills and interventions for dealing with transference and resistance and lastly, providing opportunities or facilities for play that are meaningful. These conditions would emphasize on provision of safe space for the Judys story to unravel in the room of therapy throughout all the phases of SPICC. According to Robson (2010), the first impression of the client in the first one or two sessions are important in furthering the next stages and the case is the same in adults. The counsellor should understand that children, just like adults will be able to know whether the therapist is inattentive, attuned or lacking attention to detail. It is therefore important that I learn how close the Judys frame of reference is for initial communication. Greater attention to detail may be required in children as when compared to adults. Moreover, kids cooperate better when it comes to bodywork or exercises that require movements of the body. It would be a good idea to acknowledge how good the child is at performing the activities compared to the therapist. This is where it is advisable to apply behavioural and cognitive pieces of SPICC as different ages greatly differ (Clifford, 2013). It is important to maintain a therapeutic relationship with a child for them to have trust on a therapist. In this case, Judy had been opening up to the therapist in the few sessions they had shared together. It is important for the therapist to make sure that Judy does not lose trust in her. As her therapist, I would continue giving early evidence of being helpful in assisting Judy overcome the impact of her parents divorce. According to Clifford (2013), clients usually consider their therapists as helpful if from the beginning, the therapist helps the client see their situation in a manner that no one is to be blamed. Judy can then start to thinking positively about the divorce of her parents and start being interested in learning again. Since I am Judys therapist I am supposed to be in a position to understand how confusing, stressful and sad divorce can be to any kid. I should therefore work closely with Judys mum to help her provide stability at their home. The stability at Judys home should be with reassurance in a positive attitude However, I am supposed to be cautious not to share sensitive issues or ask sensitive questions about the cause of the divorce. This is because there are ethical and legal obligations that apply when counseling minors. Confidentiality is essential not to cause more harm than good. Another specific intervention I would use on Judy would be to show her that I am capable of keeping every session emotionally safe. Clients are able to notice early enough whether the therapist is likely to be judgmental. This is what the therapist must avoid. In this case, I would avoid making judgment on what Judy is doing with drugs that she is abusing and her lack of interest in learning. Duff and Bedi (2010) explains how clients generally need to have enough feedback that they can be able to grow or come out of their challenges or problems. In the same way, clients feel they want feedback that is informative compared to critical information. This helps the client to feel safe rather than hurt by a situation. In the same way, I should not make Judy feel worse hurt by her situation of using marijuana or lack of interest her studies. The other intervention to creating and maintaining an effective therapeutic relationship would be conveying perspectives that enhance Judys self-esteem along with provision of constructive coaching and feedback. When the counselor shares positive appreciation, comments, enjoyment and so forth, the self-esteem of the client tend to grow (Clifford, 2013). Genuine admiration, appreciation and acknowledgement of clients progress after every session are critical in boosting the esteem of the client. In the same way, focusing on clients strengths help relaxing them and assists them to learn more. As a therapist I would in the same way make positive comments and appreciate Judy for efforts she makes in class. Focusing on her strengths on what she can best do would also greatly help her not to have self-pity on looking at her divorced parents. Appreciation should also be made when Judy makes it through her withdrawal periods from marijuana (Geldard, Geldard, and Yin Foo, 2013). There is importance in asking nice questions because it enables clients to get insights and helps the clients to know that their therapists are interested in them. The therapist can give a summary of sympathy of how they got to where they are and this can create a bond between them. Coaching of clients using new skills and guiding clients from their problems to resolutions of issues that trouble the clients leads to client-therapist bond. This is because the clients feel a sense of progressing from feeling and doing better. Adolescent and child psychiatrists deal with issues of ethics and questions in their professional activities. Whether in hospital settings or in private practice, ethical issues affect the relations of patients, organizations, families and agencies or colleagues. Ethical issues in most cases lead to legal concerns which can lead to complicating the decision making of the therapist. The most common issues involved in therapeutic practice with children and adolescents are issues of confidence and those of dissent/consent/assent. Confidentiality is a usual concern when working with kids. This is because guardians are the one who initiate care for the youngsters. The parents legitimately expect that the childs therapist would give them the feedback to attempt improves care for their children (Robson, 2010). Another ethical issue that is involved in counselling children is the competence of the therapist. The therapist ought to be true and competent through having knowledge and skills. By doing this, the therapist can be able to deal with the young and understand human development. As mentioned earlier, confidentiality is one of the most difficult areas to deal with and the most common ethical issue. Parents have legal right to knowing the examination, evaluation, records and treatment of their children. However, breaking confidentiality may lead to lack of trust and communication of the child to the therapist (Robson, 2010). The result of this is the child may not take treatment early enough. By informing the parents, the counselor is obeying the law. Confidentiality occurs in four types which are; complete, limited, informed forced or no guarantee. The psychiatry should understand that youngsters are undergoing fast developmental changes in cognitive, physical, communicative, affective and interpersonal spheres. Although there has been attention to ethical issues in adult therapy, there is less emphasis in dealing with children and adolescents. Despite the considerable overlap, working with adolescents has brought new factors that lead to need for separate et hical considerations. There should be balance between the rights of guardians and parents and those of adolescent patients. References Clifford, R. (2013). Children of Rogernomics: a neoliberal generation leaves school. British Journal Of Guidance Counselling, 41(4), 463-465. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2013.795774 Duff, C. Bedi, R. (2010). Counselor behaviors that predict therapeutic alliance: From the client's perspective. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 23(1), 91-110. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515071003688165 Geldard K, Geldard D, Yin Foo R. (2013). Counselling Children: A Practical Introduction.4thed. London: Sage. Robson, M. (2010). Therapeutic work with children: a contextual overview. British Journal Of Guidance Counselling, 38(3), 247-261. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2010.491850

Barclays Bank Initiative on ATM

Question: What innovative practices/product/service did they implement. What was the aim of the initiative? How did it come about and what research was taken to support it? How did the initiative impact on the organisation?. What success did the initiative have on the market? Answer: Background of the business Barclays Bank is an international bank with its headquarter based in London, England. Its foundation can be traced back in 1690 where two Quakers formed a partnership. In 1728, James Barclay became a partner in the private bank. His name became the origin of the bank. After the partnership, the bank was relocated to Lombard Street where other banks were also located. Initially, it was named private bank but later it was renamed Barclays Bank. In 1917, the bank was renamed as Barclays Bank Limited. (Lute, Douglas, Mleziva, Nelson, Magee Barker, 2009)The bank grew firmly from then to become one of the pioneer banks in the world. In 2005, the bank relocated its head office to the Canary Wharf where it operates to date. Today Barclay Bank is undoubtedly one of the largest banks in the world offering financial services like banking and investment. It has also employed more than 120,000 people worldwide, therefore, acting as a source of employment. Several changes have also been made in t he bank to ensure the bank offers better services. Innovative practice/idea In 1969, Barclays Bank Center adopted the use of ATM to dispense cash to customers and to ensure that the need to visit the bank to conduct basic financial transaction was eliminated Lute, R. C., Douglas, M. A., Mleziva, R., Nelson Jr, D. S., Magee, P. D., Barker, D. A. (2009. Automated Teller Machine commonly known as ATM is an electronic device that allows a bank customer to conduct their banking transactions such as cash withdrawal without necessarily queuing at the counter. By late 1980 this machine became more popular and handled many functions that were initially performed by human tellers (Magee, Barker, Ryan, Harry, Dunlap, Sedlock Kerstetter, 2003). Activity such as check deposit, cash withdrawal, balance inquiry and money transfer across different accounts and different banks became easier. Modifications such as providing customers with account balances were introduced therefore ATM was able to perform various multiple functions. Barclays Bank was, therefore, able to serve a large number of customers without delay and also offered various business activities through the ATM. As a result, the bank has grown rapidly. (Lute, Douglas, Mleziva, Nelson, Magee, Barker, 2009) In 1990, the bank began to charge fees for ATM services which was a profitable move. However, consumers in this bank faced increase ATM crimes and scams. Criminals devised ways that aimed at stealing customers personal identification number (PIN.) In response to this bank passed a legislation of installing surveillance cameras and reflective mirrors that were designed to reduce theft in ATM. This was a good business move as, by 2005, more than 1700 British over the age of 18 had got their ATM cards (Lute, Douglas, Mleziva, Nelson, Magee, Barker, 2009). Aim of the initiative This initiative was aimed at freeing the lengthy queues for services at the bank. Initially, people made a long queue that was time wasting. With this in mind, the initiative was developed to reduce time spent lining at the counter. The initiative was also designed to provide day and night services without limiting customers to bank hours to transact their business. Privacy was also a consideration. The initiative aimed at serving customers confidentially since it was designed to serve a single customer at ago. This move ensured that that customer could not shy off transacting their business transaction with fear. Target market The Initiative primarily targeted other banking institution to support them in serving their clients. The emergency was a key factor considered here. The machine could operate even during nonbanking hours. Therefore, the initiative targeted the individuals who urgently needed money during none banking hours. Banks that faced the challenge of serving their customers especially during peak hours of banking operation were able to serve their clients using the ATM. Emergence of initiative Planning The initiative of developing an Automated Teller Machine emerged due to the frequent banking problems that were experienced by tellers. The number of tenants who were to be served was relatively higher than some available the tellers. A plan was developed that aimed at designing an automated teller machine that was able to serve customers without going to counter. Research A well-conducted study was carried on how to come up with an automated machine that could serve customers without being served at the counter. This aimed at reducing congestion of clients at the counter. As a result in1967 two people came up with this idea of developing an automated teller machine that could serve customers without being attended to at the counter (Kang Lee, 2009). This idea was however implemented by different people. It was also realized that banking would become easier and services like cash withdrawal and balance inquiry would be offered by this machine. In early 1970, this idea was realized could be implemented and engineers started working on this idea. This marked the period during which ATM was developed. Impact on the organization Result ATM has contributed in a positive way in the organization. For instance, faster and convenient services have been offered to customers. ATM has also led to a vast increase in the number of banking activities even during nonbanking hours. (Lute, Douglas, Mleziva, Nelson, Magee, Barker, 2009) For example, during weekends when Barclays do not operate like other days customers still find it easy to serve themselves through ATM. The organization has therefore extended its working hours by ensuring that ATM can work during these days that they do not operate. Barclays Bank Success factors ATM has offered a considerable benefit to Barclays Bank. Barclays bank has been able to serve its customers without the customers necessarily queuing to be served at the counter. This bank has been able to operate even during nonbusiness banking hours. Quick delivery of service has been offered by ATM. This machine is faster compared to standard service provided at the counter. (Lute, Douglas, Mleziva, Nelson, Magee, Barker, 2009) The bank has also been able to allow other customers from other banks to transact their business using ATM in different banks. Market share has also been increased leading to rapid growth of Barclays bank. Barclays bank has also gained ground due to the fact it is the mother of ATM. Challenges Even though ATM has been outstanding in the field of banking today, it has been a lot of controversies from customers. Security remains a critical threat in delivering services to customers. Even after installing a surveillance camera and reflective mirror to reduce theft, criminals have devised ways that aim at stealing customers personal identification number (PIN). Customers still face increased ATM crimes and scams. (Kang, Lee, 2009) One could also end up draining his/her account accidentally. There are also other overdraft charges unless one has a credit line protection. Debit cards also have an annual fee or charges you are requested to pay every time you use your card. ATM does not offer any protection for refunds on purchases. Aims Barclays still have a plan of developing other initiatives to ensure that services provided to customers are convenient. There are other initiatives apart from ATM that has been implemented. But due to advancement in technology still there are a lot to expect from Barclays Bank. Barclays aims at serving customers to their satisfaction. Success on market Competitors ATM has been an outstanding initiative in the banking environment. ATM is used across all banks. Customers can transact their business activities like money transfer across different banks. This has significantly impacted on the activities that are carried out in other banks. Competitors have also been able to perform their business using ATM. This is a clear indication that ATM is universally accepted, and its effect is felt across the world. Market share ATM holds a relatively larger market share as compared to other initiatives for banking activities. Being an automated machine, customers find it very easy to carry out their banking activities. As a result, ATM has been used across different banks. In the recent past, ATM has emerged as one of the most used e-business platforms in the world. Growths ATM has gained ground in the platform of e-business. It has developed rapidly and today ATM serves very many people across the world. The impact of ATM cannot be ignored if customers expect to achieve their business goals. It has been introduced into the banking system to ensure that delivery of services like cash deposit is convenient. Globally ATM has been adopted and is still being adopted by different banking institutions. (Kang, Lee, 2009) Recent research conducted show that ATM is one of the most popular e-business platforms in the world. Banks have installed ATM world widely and still there is another banking institution planning to install ATM. Therefore, growth in the number of banks that deploy ATM across the world has also resulted in the growth of ATM manufacturers. (Kang, Lee, 2009) ATM, therefore, has remained an outstanding technological and business idea that has greatly revolutionized the modern business world of today. Reference Kang, D. G., Lee, J. O. (2009). U.S. Patent No. D596,374. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Magee, P. D., Barker, D., Ryan, P., Harry, D. W., Dunlap, R. E., Sedlock, G. T Kerstetter, T. E. (2003). U.S. Patent No. D481, 516. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Lerner, T. (2013). History, Technology and Commerce. In Mobile Payment (pp. 1-11). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Lute, R. C., Douglas, M. A., Mleziva, R., Nelson Jr, D. S., Magee, P. D., Barker, D. A. (2009). U.S. Patent No. D602,225. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.